Psychology and Child Essay

3.1 – Explain how practitioners promote children’s learning within the relevant early year’s framework. All practitioners need to promote children’s learning within the guidance given by the EYFS framework by offering a balance of child led and adult led based activities. Each practitioner must observe the children and plan activities which meet the individual needs and interests. They must also follow the interests of the child; asking them what they would like to do and how they may do it etc. We must also ensure that we are providing opportunities for children to lead the activity themselves, and supporting them to do this. 4.2 – Explain the importance of engaging with a child to support sustained shared thinking It is important to allow shared thinking of two or more individuals where they are working together on deciding how they are going to do something. They will talk about how they are going to do it, and what could happen. Children will need support so they feel confident they can do something and they will also need encouragement to actually take part. The more opportunities they get to do this the more confident they will feel about doing it on their own. If you use a topic the child is really interested in they are more likely to take part and become more confident. Evaluation It is important that you promote the learning and development of a child at this age as it will allow them to become more confident in themselves and their ideas. It is important for a practitioner to reflect on what they have done as it will allow them to see what went wrong or well and what they can do better next time. This is effective as it allows us to think on what we have done. For example if we have done an activity with a child for the first time afterwards we could reflect and see how it went and what we could do next time to make sure it is better.

Nestle SWOT Analysis Essay

Strength Strengths are one of the internal factor lead the organization to the success pathway and the business which allow you to operate more effectively than your competitors. For example, strength could be your specialist technical knowledge. As Nestle is a well-known brand in the world, so this is good for NESCAFÉ to make any further development and it is believed that NESCAFÉ is the major player in coffee market and it has a strong brand names because of associating with Nestle which has mass market share in the world. The company’s hot drinks portfolio includes a number of high-recognition brands supported by considerable marketing and research and development resources, such as NESCAFÉ and Milo. In addition, NESCAFÉ always provide and maintain the good quality control over the products. Today, experts agree that moderate coffee consumption of up to 4- 5 cups per day is not associated with detrimental effect on health and may thus fit within a balanced and active lifestyle. Health conscious products are made keeping in mind the nutritious values. NESCAFÉ are good in promotion strategies such as advertisement. The company used direct advertising and hidden advertising on TV .In addition, they have promotion with posters, billboards or various contest in order to find the winner from our company. This is a good promotion strategy of NESCAFÉ because it can increase sales and profitability for our company even more. This is one example of promotions for customers who like playing internet online by website Facebook that has name the game is â€Å"NESCAFÉ Gold Cup Goal Challenge Game† by player must kick to the goal. Weaknesses Weaknesses, it is define as internal environment that place an organization at disadvantage or work against a successful outcome. NESCAFÉ biased low margin profit lead to weaknesses. As common as we know that NESCAFÉ are cheaper enough that customers can be acquired. Meanwhile the cost of production NESCAFÉ and wages range of employees is relatively higher in order to encourage employees to perform tasks efficiency. From that, we can know that NESCAFÉ are not having large amount of profit. Inability to provide consistent quality is one of the NESCAFÉ’s weaknesses.  Many NESCAFÉ products had been recalled from trade due to poor quality suppliers. This does not only hurt the firm’s image but also its sale as well as the business is uncontrollable quality of the products. Moreover, coffee consumers have come to expect excellent quality of NESCAFÉ as a basic feature in their coffee. A critical threat to NESCAFÉ’s brand image and consequently brand shares could create due to the low awareness of NESCAFÉ’s coffee quality. Health-conscious consumers are being disregarded due to caffeine-based products of NESCAFÉ. Formulation of NESCAFÉ is biased towards containing caffeine. A large amount of caffeine consumed can resulting in negative affect on blood sugar levels that influences fat burning that could change into storing fat. Hence, health-conscious consumers avoid caffeine which both instant and regular coffee have been related to increased bladder cancer risk. Besides that, caffeine when consumed in excess can be addictive and stimulate. Opportunity Opportunity can be define as a potential favorable condition in which an organization can capitalize on a changing trend or an increasing demand for a product. It also can be said that a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something. The first opportunity for the product NESCAFÉ coffee is the premium trend. In now a day, while the mass-market positioning of NESCAFÉ is an obstacle, the demand for premium coffee products are growing rapidly. This creates opportunities for the company to generate growth in mature markets through the development of brands and extensions, such as Nespresso and NESCAFÉ Dolce Gusto. In addition to developing product lines for the mass and the premium market, the company recognizes the rising consumer trend of eating out and is looking for ways to capitalize on the situation. NESCAFÉ is a well-known brand so awareness is the competitive edge in the coffee market. The health trend also is the opportunity for the product N ESCAFÉ coffee. Many people are more take care of their healthy life. While the coffee has not received the positive health-related publicity of tea, its image of coffee became less and less resolutely unhealthy in recent years. However, there is a general shift toward-consciousness, and NESCAFÉ coffee has done well in that aspect by having some of their products certified as the healthier option by the Health Promotion Board of Singapore. In additional, coffee can  help to prevent various diseases, including Parkinson’s diseases. Coffee also used as an enema to treat some diseases such as cancer. Coffee enemas are used as a part of the â€Å"Gerson Therapy† that is cancer patient are treated with caffeinated coffee in the form of enemas every four hours on a daily basis. This kind of treatment is continues to be used at the hospital of the Baja California in Tijuana, Mexico. The next opportunity for the NESCAFÉ coffee is the cross-branding. NESCAFÉ coffee had diversified their beverage portfolio offers it the opportunity to develop brands from other categories in hot drinks. Notably, it will be further develop its confectionery brands in other products along the lines of existing. Besides that, the company had also tried out some cross brand promotional activities like promoting NESCAFÉ coffee and Coffee Mate together in the NESCAFÉ dream couples contest. Worldwide NESCAFÉ coffee is the largest profit making category with different ranges of coffee starting from instant coffee specialties. With the effort, analyzing and learning from this huge and successful multinational corporation. Threat The term â€Å"threat† in SWOT analysis defined as the elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business. The threat that existed that could affect the sales of NESCAFÉ is, firstly, the competition of the other companies that existed in the same industry. NESCAFÉ’s products are mostly coffee’s product. Thus, the products such like Old Town White Coffee, and some other tasty coffee such like Old Town Hazelnut White Coffee that produce by OLDTOWNâ„ ¢ strong competitor to NESCAFÉ in Malaysia. Beside this, the biggest competitor to NESCAFÉ could be Super Group Ltd from Singapore that is producing a several of coffee product, such as 3 in 1 brown sugar coffee, 3 in 1 rich coffee and 2 in 1 Kopi O. The price of products of Super Group Ltd also slightly lower than NESCAFÉ products, for example the NESCAFÉ 3 in 1 mild (30 x 20g) are sell in RM 10.99 in most case, but Super coffee 3 in 1 regular (30 x 20g) are sell in RM 10.5 0. As a consumer, they will go for the product that is cheaper usually. For OLDTOWNâ„ ¢, although their products are the highest price as compare to NESCAFÉ and Super Coffee, but the coffee that produces by this company is very rich, so as a consumer that chase for a rich taste of coffee, they will go for Old Town Coffee products. Thus, if can be clearly  state that NESCAFÉ is in a large competition with other companies in this industry. The threat for NESCAFÉ could also be the changing of consumer trend. Now a day, people are more concern of the health, so the coffee that contains caffeine will cause consumer to avoid it for the well-being of healthy life. Caffeine can consider as a kind of drug that it will cause addiction to it and fast or irregular heart beat rate. Other than that, 3 in 1 coffee also contain sugar that will cause diabetes (if high intake). So, as a consumer, that pay attention on personal and family health will avoid consuming the coffee. Other than that, consumer nowadays also prefer to enjoy a relaxing and luxury life, so they would rather sit under Starbuck or Coffee Bean or some other Cafà ©, enjoy a rich coffee such like cappuccino that made by professional machine, under a comfortable environment, than just make an cheap ordinary instant 3 in 1 coffee at home that without any milk foam on it. The inflation in economy environment could affect the sales of NESCAFÉ products. This is due to the inflation will lead to increasing in cost of the coffee bean, sugar and milk which is the important raw materials for NESCAFÉ products. With the rose of the price of raw materials of NESCAFÉ, the cost of production of NESCAFÉ product will increase as well. Beside this, the rose of the price of fuel which just happen recent in Malaysia (increase of RM0.20 per liter), could bring a huge impact on NESCAFÉ products. This is because of the increasing in price of fuel lead to increasing of transportation cost as well, which will eventually increase the cost of NESCAFÉ products. Based on a consumer opinion, inflation that leads to rise of expenses will cause consumers to reduce their expenses on coffee product. Relationship between strength, weaknesses, opportunity, and threat Based on SWOT study, strengths and weaknesses are internal factors of NESCAFÉ that give a dvantages or disadvantages, and opportunity and threat are the external factors. It requires flexibility use between this four internal and external factors to maintain a brand perform excellent at the market. The internal strength of NESCAFÉ can use to against the external threat. For example, strong brand name (Nestle) and mass market share because of high recognition of NESCAFÉ, this is what makes this brand win over all other competitor such as Old Town. Other than this, NESCAFÉ tend to provide and maintain good quality of its product (expertise agreed on 4-5 cups per day doesn’t affect  the health state of a person), which can adapt to the changing consumer trend to a healthier life style. NESCAFÉ also good in promotion strategies which can continuously increase the sale of NESCAFÉ products which allow it adapt to the situation where inflation happen (increase of sales- increase of profit- cover the rise of cost during inflation). The external opportunity of NESCAFÉ can be used to against its internal weaknesses. For example, NESCAFÉ as a premium trend allow the demand to its products to growth in a mature market (opportunity), with the base of high sales, the low margin profit of NESCAFÉ (weaknesses) wouldn’t cost losses in order to cover up the cost and expenses during the production of NESCAFÉ. Other than that, having coffee product to certified as a healthier option now a day (opportunity) can reduce the society health conscious on the caffeine which contain in the coffee (weaknesses).

Bureaucracy

One of the characteristics off eructation school/organization is specialization. Specialization is concentrating on a specific task for example; bursar as one of the school officers regulates finances of the school. According to Weber as cited in Ho and Missile (1 991 ) â€Å"division of labor and specialization means that the regular activities required for the purposes of the bureaucratically governed structure are distributed in a fixed way as official duties† (p: 104). This is to say, work in schools is divided into different task hence everyone have his/her specific task.Teachers are specializing by teaching a specific subject for example, Mathematics. Mathematics teacher specialize by teaching only Mathematics to all the grades in the school that is, form one, two and three. This is advantageous due to the fact that it makes one's job easier and to be of high quality since he/she deals with a specific subject. Furthermore, specialization goes hand in hand with what is ca lled division of labor. Light, Keller and Calhoun (1989) state â€Å"in bureaucracies the work to be accomplished is broken down into clear-cut division of labor and people are trained to specialize in performing each task† (p: 219).This is division of labor which refers to dividing work into small and manageable tasks. Therefore since tasks in schools are too complex to be performed by a single individual, division of labor is crucial. Everyone in a school has a position for example; there is a head teacher who is responsible for the running affairs of the school and teachers who are responsible for imparting knowledge to students or simply instruction delivery. Division of labor among positions improves efficiency. Ho and Missile (1991) postulate that division of labor produces specialization hence efficiency increases.And this is because specialization helps employees to be knowledgeable and expert at performing their prescribed duties. So the authors suggest â€Å"such d ivision enables the organization to employ personnel on the basis of technical qualifications. Hence, division of labor and specialization produce more expertise in school personnel† (p: 105). This is to say that workers are employed for the type of work they have skills on. Another characteristic of bureaucratic school/organization is a hierarchy of offices.According to Ho and Missile (1991) offices are arranged hierarchically; ACH lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. In agreement YMMV. Clientà ¨les. Com suggests that the structure of a bureaucracy is called a hierarchy because it includes a series of levels from the most menial worker in the organization to the highest executive. Each level has clearly defined authority and responsibilities. Therefore, this makes work to be easier and more manageable since everyone knows his/her responsibility in the school/organization. Light, et al. (1989) state that when an organization's operation is divide d into smaller, more manageable tasks; the arioso activities must be put together. Thus, the solution is to organize workers into a hierarchy with each person being responsible to the person directly above in the chain of command. This means that everyone will have a supervisor. For example, senior teachers can supervisor teachers to assess the efficiency of their work in the classroom. Moreover, a hierarchy of offices helps in keeping order within the organization since everyone understands his place very well and what is expected of him/her.According to Stark (1989) â€Å"all employees in the organization must know who their boss is and each errors should always respect their chain of command† (p: 594). To support this, employees should respect those in authority or their supervisors by doing what they expect them to do. They should also follow a channel of communication within the organization. The author also postulates â€Å"in this way the people at the top can be sure that directives arrive where they are meant to go and know where responsibility lie† (p: 594).Therefore, a hierarchy of offices is very important characteristic of a bureaucratic school/ organization as it allows workers to focus on their responsibilities since it Leary define them. It also encourages carefulness among workers as it is easier to trace who is not doing his/her work properly. Www. Baccalaureate's. Com/excerpts suggests that a formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making of a bureaucratic school/organization.This is due to the fact that these offices are for the people who are responsible for the operation of the school/ organization hence; they plan and make decisions together on how best to do that. Stark (1989) postulates ‘to ensure order in decision making, business is inducted primarily through written rules, records and communication† (p: 593). This is to say, planning and decision making is central to a hie rarchy of offices within the school/organization due to the fact that it is where written rules, records and communication are found.Rules and regulations are one of the characteristics of bureaucratic school/organization. In any organization rules and regulations are very vital because they ensure that there is order. Weber as cited in Stark (1989) â€Å"stressed that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with careful developed rules and principles that can e learned and applied†¦ † (P: 595). To support this, a bureaucratic school should have rules that guide employees' behavior since they are applied equally to everyone of them. They cannot be broken due to the fact that by doing so punishment will follow.Therefore, rules and regulations are important in a bureaucratic school since they promote self-discipline and self- control among workers. This will help the organization to run smoothly and efficiently since workers need not to be followed to do their work as they are guided by the rules and regulations. Rules and regulations maintain control thin the organization as according to Ho and Missile (1991) â€Å"†¦ By taking advantage of the screening functions of bureaucratic rules, administrators can gain and maintain some control over organizational activities.They anticipate that general and impersonal rules will be good because they provide direction without creating status distinctions. Control is the us maintained by using bureaucratic rules†¦ † (P: 109-110). Moreover, to ensure that rules and regulations are the characteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization; Bernard, Burgess and Kirby (2004) suggest that a bureaucratic school/organization should have a body of rules that governs it. For example, employees usually have a code of conduct. According to Fragrant (1980) a code of conduct is a set of rules for professional conduct since teachers are professionals.These rules are divided into two; a commitmen t to the students and to the profession. A commitment to the students are rules which outline what the teacher should do and not to do to students for example, the teacher disclosing information about students without their permission. And a commitment to the profession are rules which outline hat they society expects from the teacher for example, the teacher should not dress in an unprofessional manner. Ho and Missile (1991 ) state that rules and regulations provide continuity of operation and help to coordinate activities.This is because employees are guided by rules on what they should do and not to therefore, rules and regulations in a bureaucratic school promote cooperation within the organization since employees work well with each other. Lastly, one of the characteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization includes rewards based on merit. According to Light, et al. (1989) â€Å"positions in a bureaucracy are awarded on the basis Of technical qualifications (as measured by tests, educational degrees and diplomas and other standardized yardsticks) not on the basis of who one knows† (p: 220).This is to say that jobs and promotion in a bureaucratically school/ organization are obtained through qualifications. For example in Botswana, for one to be a secondary school teacher should have at least a certificate of Diploma in Secondary Education not just passed form five and then be employed as teacher. Employees should be employed for the job they qualify or so that work cannot be difficult for them since they will be doing what they are trained for. This will in turn, helps the school/organization to be effective and efficient.Furthermore, rewards based on merit will allow us providers to give promotions to the ones who are qualifying for those positions. This is to say they will not give promotion on the basis of favoritism like to their relatives and friends. Stark (1989) states â€Å"to ensure expert management, appointment and promotion are base d on merit rather than favoritism and those appointed treat their positions as full-time, primary arrears† (p: 593). To support this, people are rewarded because of the efforts they put in their work.So that's why in schools teachers can be promoted and given positions such as, from being a subject teacher to a subject coordinator. Nevertheless, giving jobs and promotions to people because one knows them, will make the school/organization to suffer since they do not qualify for those works. Ho and Missile (1991) suggest â€Å"promotion is dependent on the judgment of superiors† (p: 105). This is to say that promotion is made by supervisors but even though, it is upon them they should do it fairly.

Give an example of a law that you think attempts to reflect an ethical Essay

Give an example of a law that you think attempts to reflect an ethical value - Essay Example Typically, it reflects an ethical value because it protects employees against unethical behavior in the working environment especially in situations where a disability will not hinder the performance of a job and hence, is appropriate. It will compel managers to consider not only legal aspects but also what they, the society and employees consider to be ethical. On the other hand, the Fair Minimum Wage Act (2007) emphasizes on legalities but does not reflect ethical values. For example, it has not compelled Nike to stop paying substandard wages to its foreign workers and improve their working conditions. This law is inappropriate because it assumes that so long as Nike meets the minimum wage, it is not illegal to pay law wages and in appalling working conditions. It does not consider the fact that the employer needs to provide safe and conducive working environments apart from meeting a stipulated minimum wage (Lopez,

Please respond to t he 2 students' assignment highlighted in yellow

Please respond to t he 2 students' highlighted in yellow and red. the responses must be each 1 page with at least 4 references - Assignment Example To this end, power became the highest priority for a city state’s survival (Cunha et al., 2013; Harris, 2010). It was very right that Patti looked into the effects of such a situation on the people involved in power such as the prince and other people around. Clearly, the end was very disastrous and met with much destruction instead of construction (quote). In today’s generation however, much of a leader’s actions cannot be based on his will and thoughts about life alone. Today’s world is more of social unit where the actions of one leader at one end of the world greatly affects all people across the globe. I therefore disagree with Patti for heeding to Machiavelli’s advice that even in the 21st century leaders can apply force in some instances to get their principles warranted. As the world becomes a global village, there are bodies that check acts of violence and crime that happen in other parts of the world and try to stop leaders from being dictators (Becker, 2007). The best resolutions leaders should endeavor to use should thus be those that are based on the principles of peace and dialogue. Wittner gave a very vivid background to leadership between the two times in question, namely the Machiavelli era and the 21st century era. In the background, we realize that in the Machiavelli era, Princes, and for that matter leaders were law-makers and possessed sovereign power (Galie & Bopst, 2006). However in today’s world, the real power is given to the ruled rather than the ruler (Hub Pages, 2013). This is so because of the widespread of democracy in most parts of the world, where leadership is vested in the will of the people. To this end, I would perfectly agree with Wittner that the opinion held by Machiavelli that the end justified the means for a leader can no longer prevail in today’s generation of leadership. Indeed as the world becomes one through regional and global bodies such as the United

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Abstract for the paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abstract for the paper - Essay Example There are healthy relationships between all levels of employees. They are characterized by respect and trust which promote innovation and responsibility. Apple’s leadership style and organization structure is also under scrutiny with special attention to the role of managers and their interaction with their subordinates and superiors. Apple Inc. adopts transformational leadership style while the organization structure is collaborative in nature. Each manager adopts a transformative style while also promoting centralized decision making that includes employees. The management of human resources at Apple Inc. is reviewed in this paper. The findings are that Apple Inc. is keen to hire and retain quality employees. It has recruitment strategies that focus on top students from different colleges as well as training and development programs to ensure that employees are equipped with contemporary practices in the industry. The training and development programs also aim at promoting t eamwork. This analysis of Apple Inc. will provide insightful information as on the management practices of Apple that are renowned for its success in the technology

Critiquing an article - The Nature and Significance of Listening Assignment

Critiquing an article - The Nature and Significance of Listening Skills in Accounting Practice - Assignment Example gths and weaknesses in the research article have also been made to put forward a concise and objective approach for the understanding, particularly in the field of accounting. In last section, a conclusion has been drawn which is a summary of opinions and inferences on strengths and weaknesses of the article deduced during the research. Among technical fields and their professionals communication process is complex. There are many barriers in seamless and effective communication while communicating with general public. Special courses related to communication skills are included in curriculum in order to make these professionals closer to layman. In this, afore mentioned paper, public accountants were surveyed to gauge their communication abilities and adapting ability with the clients (Banderlipe, 2014). Following aspects, among accountants, were made moot point of the research: These aspects will help researchers, accountants and student in the field of accountancy to understand nature and significance of listening skills to overcome communication barriers and provide for effective communication and transfer of information among peers. An important point that has been revealed is the issue of accountant’s tendency to listen. It is known among higher executives that barriers of this kind hamper in making decisions and establishing better business prospects. Also it is known as most important tool after problem solving and thinking. Listening is there for a holistic activity that helps in taking decisions. Better listening can help in noting minor details about any problem and situation. In the field of communication, concentration is of foremost importance while keeping in view the probability of missing any detail. Accountants are therefore required to take these skills before getting decisive in decision making and thinking (processing and dissemin ation of information). The research conducted has been conclusive about the role of communication and

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Wireless communication in business (On the Apple example) - Essay Example Wireless communication permits people much flexibility in communicating, because they can do so anywhere they want and with a less restrictions. According to Craig Mathias and Lisa Phifer in their article entitled "The Evolving Wireless Landscape", the wireless technology today is frankly amazing.They furthered that wireless technologies have made foremost development in their quest for broadband.Wireless technology has also entered the world of business. The said modernism has helped the business world in different ways such as wireless monitoring in establishments, control devices; video streaming that allows easy access in communicating with people that are distant form each other. It also allows voice messaging, wireless access of the Web through mobile phones, and bar code scanning.Furthermore, wireless technology enables people involve in business to easily access to whatever they need for their businesses. For instance, they can surf the net whenever they want through the help of mobile phones, laptop computers and broadband wireless communication.These assure constant freedom of stable access to the Internet with great speeds without the restriction of connection cables. And with these, users could enhance productivity and accessibility.Wireless technology has of course its benefits especially to the world of business. They improve the convenience, dependability and appropriateness of communication thus, allowing people to, first is to stay steadily connected with other people in spite of the location and without being plugged into anything. It also saves time and money as well through cutting off seconds of usual tasks like tracking down people, examining items and receiving mission-critical warnings (Wailgum, 2006). Challenges of Wireless Communication There also noted challenges of this said technological advancement. First and foremost is that such technologies are now flooding in the market, giving buyers a lot of different choices making them very confusing to choose. Also, wireless technology is mainly limited compared to those wireless alternatives. There is also a delayed factor when it comes to wireless security. Moreover, decline of connections mirrors the inherent restrictions of signals that are easily blocked by physical obstructions like mountains, tunnels, buildings, and the noise produce by radios and the absence of cellular towers and sites in a specific region as well. Physical appearance of the technologies also hampers the great benefit a user can get. For example, small screens in personal digital assistants or PDAs and other wireless devices limit the user to view the screen at once. Also, short battery life duration indicates that the users must be careful in using the said gadgets and in charging the batteries as well (Wailgum, 2006). Just a year ago, Apple Computers launched one of it greatest product, the iPhone. Apple practically surpassed its competitors, with its magnificent graphical interface and user friendliness, the iphone got 37% of the market share of global mobile phone sales. This indeed has put Apple in the lead and supremacy in the digital mobile phone technology race. iPhone will practically change the way people live and do business. Its ability to access the Internet, great graphical interface, multi-touch function, big storage capacity and user friendliness will equip people and business to be mobile yet connected. One fascinating feature is the ability of the iphone to determine the its exact location using google maps, making it easier to find one's way to and forth any destination. It can also assist

Identifying Biased Media Essay Example for Free

Identifying Biased Media Essay Many now believe that media is biased; but the context of what bias is may vary depending on the preferences of the readers. Bias affects news reporting in a variety of ways. It may be reflected on the preferences of the editor/owner of the publication or broadcast institution, maximizing profits, and/or politics or entertainment (Baron 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Media institutions acquire income from advertisements and this practice affects how the media chooses what kind of news it should report. Media sensationalism is also an end result as people are attracted to read news that are sensationalized, this in turn increases readership and consequently, increase in profit from advertisements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue whether media can still produce and present objective news is still subject to debate. It may be true that some institutions can present objective and unbiased news, but many forms of media are now inclined to side with a group because of preferences or to maximize profit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In politics, horse-race journalism, which focuses on various election data instead of emphasizing the candidates plan of action, is being given too much attention. This results in news items that are all about the election proceedings. During these times, media institutions all report election-related news and forget about other similarly or more important issues that need to be reported.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The findings of some researchers suggest that the media (1) are neither objective nor honest, (2) employ framing devices, (3) deliberately manipulate news, (4)   are controlled and influenced by government and business interest, (5) may choose unreliable sources, (6) accept the â€Å"faulty premise† that the government has good intentions, (7) through the use of the word â€Å"we† implies acknowledgment   of government policies, (8) do not use historical context, (9) fail to follow up on the stories and (10) does not encourage the maintenance of a critical perspective for the readers (Nelson).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bias results in skepticism on the side of the readers which results in a reduction in the demand for news. However, biases are being tolerated when it means that a journalist can be hired for a lower salary (Baron 23). Journalists may have incentives to write biased news stories, but it can be cushioned by an attitude of professionalism and a media institution that does not tolerate bias.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, investigative journalism has been known as the most controversial form of journalism and over time, it has changed and adapted to the current setting (Hawks) but this kind of reporting involves a lot of risk and violation of human rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes, investigative journalists go beyond the borders and invade the privacy of others just to get the report that they need. Exposure is the theme of the current investigative reporting process as it creates excitement and uproar and draws a lot of attention from the public. It is also believed that scandals draw more attention from the public which would result in more generated profit for the media institution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists follow their targets as if they are bounty hunters armed with their cameras to catch any footage of misdeed. Some journalists also resort to wiretapping of phone lines and other means to gain access to personal and classified documents. This methodology of investigation, although has good intentions, is unethical in a sense that it invades the private life of people. In some instances, due to this practice, journalists receive threats when they are investigating anomalous people or dealings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The media is being invaded by personal preferences and is gravely affected by commercialization. Perhaps the media is only considering its survival because without income, the media cannot operate. Works Cited Baron, David. Persistent Media Bias. August 2004 www.wallis.rochester.edu Media Bias Baybars-Hawks, Banu, The Impact of Investigative Journalism on Public Opinion and Policymaking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.hichumanities.org/AHproceedings/Banu%20Baybars-Hawks1.pdf Nelson, Richard Alan. Tracking Propaganda to the Source: Tools for Analyzing Media Bias. 2003.   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/fa03/gmj-fa03-nelson.htm

Cyber Attacks in Indonesia: Types, Targets, and Preventions

Cyber Attacks in Indonesia: Types, Targets, and Preventions According to Indonesia Security Incident Response Team on Internet and Infrastructure/Coordination Center (Id-SIRTII/CC), there are about 89 million attacks that occurred during the first half of 2014 with the domination by malware attacks as much as 46.3 million attacks.[1] The same research found 6,000 successfully irritated hacker website incidents and found almost 16,000 security holes on the websites in Indonesia. Indonesian Ministry of Defense released that Cyber-attacks are any measures whether done intentionally or unintentionally by any party, which is targeted at electronic systems or their contents (information) and equipment that are highly dependent on technology and networks of any scale, which threatens the countrys sovereignty, territorial integrity, and safety of the nation.[2] Everyone representing the government (State Actor) or Non Govermental Organization (Non-State Actor) is able to carry out the attacks so that the perpetrators can be an individual, group, clas s, organization or even a country. The entire society needs to anticipate threats and cyber attacks that occur. Preparedness and responsiveness in the face of threats to foster the ability to recover the impact of the cyber attack. Cyber attacks can threaten ideology, political, economic, social, cultural, nationalism, military, science, and technology as well as other related aspects of the life of the nation, the state, and society, including personal interests. With the increase of cyber attack today, then people need to know the type of threats, attacks targets and how to overcome them, in order to protect the state and nations assets of effects that can occur in the future. Some of the types of threats that appear in the activities of cyber attack are quite varied. Broadly speaking, cyber threats can be categorized into two major groups, cyber war, and cyber violence. First, Cyber war is all acts carried deliberate and coordinated with the purpose of disrupting the countrys sovereignty. Cyber war may be a terrorist attack (cyber terrorism) and espionage (cyber espionage) that interfere with national security. The cyber attack has a characteristic that is intentional (deliberate), active, and a large scale. Second, Cyber Disorders (Cyber à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Violence), is a cyber attack that has characteristics that unintentional, passive, and small scale. In addition to the threat, the public also needs to consider the target of cyber attacks. Based on the goals and targets, we face cyber attacks directed to individuals, national infrastructure, and national interests. The attacks on individuals, communities, organizations, certain communities are usually aimed to foment unrest, fear, violence, chaos, and conflict. Furthermore, attacks on places of National Critical Infrastructure, which aims to control the system remotely. This activity can weaken the defense or security as well as the nations economy. Another objective is the national interest, on all aspects related to the national objectives, the symbol/symbols of the state, state politics and the interests of the nation. There are several steps to deal with the threats and protect the country from becoming the target of cyber attack. The countermeasures activities of cyber attack use an approach that adjusts to the sources and forms of attack faced. The cyber attack prevention can be carried out as cyber defense, legal actions, and counter-attacks. The first step is cyber defense, an attempt to tackle cyber attack which led to the disruption of normal operation of the state. The second step is legal actions. People can coordinate with relevant security forces if they find or know the perpetrators of cyber crime. The third step is cyber counter-attack, an act of counter-attack against the source of intrusions with the aim of providing a deterrent effect against perpetrators of cyber attacks. By knowing the types of threats, attacks targets and the response to the above, we should be able to have the readiness and responsiveness in the face of cyber attack. Prevention efforts in the form of cyber defense, cyber remedies or counter-attack should be able to cope with all the cyber threat in the category of large or small, individually-targeted, or vital national interests. In the end, we must remember what Admiral Michael Mullen said, The single biggest existential threat thats out there, I think, is cyber.[3] [1] Internet Traffic Data in 2014. ID-SIRTII, 2014. 27 March 2017. http://www.idsirtii.or.id/tahunan/tahun/2014.html [2]Ministry of Defenses Regulation   No 82/2014 : Cyber Defense. Ministry of Defense, 2014. [3] Michael Mullen. BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2017. 27 March 2017. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/michaelmul516777.html

Churches Tax Exempt A Matter Of Constitutional Right Religion Essay

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Fire Of Desire, Of The Movie Rudy Essay -- essays research papers

Fire of Desire Nearly everyone who has succeeded in some venture of life has at one point encountered critics and criticism. The events throughout the movie, Rudy, directed by David Anspaugh, are no different. The movie, based on a true story, is an inspiring tale of Daniel "Rudy" Rudiger’s fight against all odds to play football for Notre Dame. Rudy, through the course of his entire life, had been told by everyone that chasing his dream of playing Notre Dame football would only cause him heartache. Despite all hindrances, Rudy, played by Sean Astin, accomplished his dream, and is to this day the last Notre Dame football player to be carried off the field. The reoccurring them in the movie is to be persistent in chasing your dreams and overcome all obstacles and criticism you may encounter along the way. Evident throughout the entire movie is how the desire in Rudy’s heart helped him to overcome any physical abilities he lacked. This is clearly shown through Coach Parseghian’s having said to another player, "If you had only a tenth of the heart of Rudiger, you could have been All-American" (Coach Parseghian). Rudy was not blessed with the physical abilities of other players, but rather with the heart to continually persist in achieving his dream of playing Notre Dame football. Rudy’s heart and desire probably got him farther in the game of football than he would have got had he been more athletically gifted. Also lending sup...

Connie’s Choice in Where are you Going, Where have you Been? :: Where Are You Going Where Have You Been

Where are you Going, Where have you Been? – Connie’s Choice I think Connie opened the screen door because she wanted to escape from her life with her family into some kind of fantasy. I think there were other reasons also, but the story points to this one in many places. First of all, Connie was not happy at home. The story says that her father "was away at work most of the time," and "didn't bother talking much to them," so Connie didn't have love from him and had to find male attention somewhere else. Connie found her happiness in escaping with her friend to the drive-in restaurant and daydreaming about boys. But the happiness she found in both of these things had nothing to do with actual events; it is based on a fantasy. When she was out at the drive-in with a boy, her face gleamed "with the joy that had nothing to do with Eddie or even this place; it might have been the music." When she daydreamed about boys, they all "fell back and dissolved into a single face that was not even a face, but an idea, a feeling mixed up with the urgent pounding of the music..." A theme that runs through this story is that music seems to be the bridge from the real world into Connie's fantasy world. She doesn't know what she wants, but it's got something to do with "the music that made everything so good." When Arnold Friend drove up the driveway, Connie was listening to music, "bathed in a glow of slow-pulsed joy." She soon discovered that he was playing the same music in his car. This is not a coincidence; I think it makes a connection in the back of Connie's mind. And, the story says that it seemed to Connie like Arnold "had come from nowhere," and "belonged nowhere," and that everything about him "was only half real." I think in some strange way Arnold becomes to Connie the way to escape into her fantasy. When she learns his true intentions she is scared to death at first but eventually that fear gives way to "an emptiness." Connie thinks, "I'm not going to see my mother again... I'm not going to sleep in my bed again.

Future Farmers of America Association Essay

Can you believe that the National FFA Organization (Future Farmers of America) has over 400,000 members and growing in the United States, Guam, Puerto Rico, and The Virgin Islands? The FFA is a National Organization devoted to teaching and introducing students to agricultural education. It has introduced a large impact on students, changed their views on agriculture, and given them the chances to carry them out. The history of FFA is quite a long one, starting back in 1925, when four agricultural education teachers organized the Future Farmers of Virginia, which would serve as a model for FFA, as well as the New Farmers of America. Then, in 1930, at the third National Convention, national competitions were restricted to only male competitors. The official creed, written by E. M. Tiffany, and official colors, national blue and corn gold, were adopted this year as well. In 1933, Ohio FFA members wore blue corduroy jackets with the FFA emblem printed on the back, and those were later immersed into the official uniform. Soon after, the NFA and the FFV merged together with the FFA. Later on, in 1988, the organizations name was changed from Future Farmers of America to FFA Organization and membership was extended to middle school students. Lastly, in 2006, the National Convention was at its maximum attendance, with a jaw-dropping amount of about fifty thousand attendants! The history if FFA will continue to become more memorable as long as new members join. The FFA training sequence consists of several areas, pertaining specifically to the SAE program, career opportunities, and chapter meetings. The Supervised Agricultural Experience, or SAE, Program is used to carry out a knowledgeable agriculture project. The project workers are often helped by their chapter advisor, depending on what area of study the project is from, choosing from ag production, food science, forestry, ag sales/ service, and horticulture. In some chapters, members are permitted to visit the chapter’s greenhouses/farms to expand and further pursue Ag education. They can choose to extend their knowledge in fields like farm economics, marketing, computer science, and biotechnology. Through chapter meetings, members will learn and develop public speaking skills and working for others. There are several activities to compete in and degrees to earn and receive in FFA. Members compete at local, state, and national levels in the fields of public speaking, Ag mechanics, dairy-cattle, livestock, poultry, dairy food, meat, and rabbit evaluations, floriculture, ornamental horticulture, parliamentary procedures, and nursery/ landscaping skills. The FFA also gives out four degrees to its members. The Discovery Degree is given to seventh and eight grade students. The Greenhand Degree is given to high school freshmen with knowledge, goals, and skills of FFA. After completing two semesters of Ag course work, you receive the Chapter Degree, with which you are entitled to wear a silver pin. The last degree, the State Degree, is obtained for outstanding achievements and for development of leadership skills. The receiver, however, must have also worked at least a minimum of 300 unpaid hours, and they receive with this honor a golden emblem pin. The FFA is definetly one of the younger organizations in the U. S. But, throughout the last ten years, it has delivered a tremendous impact to students, teachers, and the nation along with it’s future.

Behavioral Implications Of Biological Developmental Changes In The Human Past

Behavioral patterns of the military personnel atomic number 18 no less influential in its biologic phylogeny. In fact, i had complemented the other(a) in many meanss, and it is a never ending process. It is this process which view as manifested in worldly concern the most, aft(prenominal) they justified their campaigning before natural selection by means of its different stages of ontogenesis, ranging from bipedalism to the exploitation of vocabulary, save the weakenment of wag-size in between.As doings is found to be mostly species-specific, it give tongue tos of its biological connection on the other hand, biological study in any case keeps course of instruction of the airal changes and adapts to them, each(prenominal) the objet dart surround playing a throttle valve between ( capitulation, 2007). Its similar gene-text facilitating the course of behavior and behavior at other multiplication, influenced by the environment, scripting sassy traits in th e gene-text.Some might band humanes lucky to find the environment conducive to r separately this stage, just about would test on the fact that bipedalism holds the key, while nearly other would stress on the behavior that humans achieved after bipedalism with the teaching of brain. Thus this essay explores the behavioural implications of biological festeringal change, before coming to the closedown of holding both equally trusty and complementing to each other. Bipedalism Two-legged activities are called bipedalism (bi= ii, and pedalism= pedaling acts).It basically covers the 4 enounces of movement through a pas de deux of legs, such as standing, walking, running and hopping. It has thirst evolving history among the vertebrates, ranging from dinosaurs to birds, save the ostrich, who has an estimated speed of 65 km per hour that once matched by the maniraptors, now in the extinct disputation of dinosaurs (Bipedalism, 2003). However, bipedalism is not a habit of those who assimilate four legs, like the larger prick of mammals.However, to match with the uniqueness of natures diversity, the kangaroos lead in representing the mammals who use bipedal movement, through hopping. barely it is the humans who provided much(prenominal) variation in their bipedal movements, while the gibbons and giant pangolins upraise to be distantly resembling to it. Understandably, bipedalism involves a menage ground beneath the feet and that takes a flair the amphibians area to earn this scope. More so, it is mostly a reared-up action and barring a some instances of some lizards and cockroaches this action is alike unknown in arthropods.Same fucking be say about the reptilians. With exception cosmos the direct of the nature, two winsomes of octopus are seen to fixing to bipedal movement at prison terms or some of the animals can be arrested to exploit the bipedal movement. , to a greater extent(prenominal) like the humans who can train themselves t o walk on their pass. These are deviations and piddle no bearing to the mainstream phylogenesis. Bipedalism is considered to be unrivalled of the major causes of bringing humans where they are today. The reasons are far too many, as they range from elevation of perception to the alter condition of survival.Between them lies the factors like utilization of surplus hands, swimming, faster movement, greater reach, etc. , that speak of several advantages of adapting to the living conditions. This trait has evolved independently, that is, not in a club pattern, having variant lineages. As for example, the lizards, the recognized pioneer in bipedalism, have a proven track record of this since 290 million years Dinosaurs and birds celebrate closely with their record of 230 million years, such(prenominal) before the assorts of extant mammals resorted to bipedalism, mostly evolved independently.However the interest to find the reasons behind this elevation of humans fetch us 12 hy potheses and excessively points at the fact that the human brain-size could develop only after attaining bipedalism. hotshot increase Bipedalism facilitated the humans with a new kind of freedom that they enjoyed with hands, letting them to be more organized in their survival and develop psychological processes. However, the gradual manifestation of intelligence in humans has a complex process, and compose invites lot of research and observation.Charles Darwin belongingsd its development in humans as an evolution through the process of natural selection, where humans have become successful in manipulating the brain- system ratio, as well as the development of brain-size for a longer spot after take, sort of than other creatures (Creationists, 2007). Overall the shoess proven more conducive for the humans to develop their brain-size, like the bipedalism, or front-facing, binocular vision. The work-power of the two hands saved free zone for the brain for them, which led to th e exploration of new avenues, thereby increasing the horizons of thinking through more number of activities.Once they adapted to giving birth to their offspring with soft skull that would grow on later, the humans were the decided master of the Earth. The evolution of intelligence always follows a pattern, where, a solution to a problem takes the problem solver to other plane, where it faces a new set of problems upon solving which, it over once again arrives at some other plane to face the similar spatial relation in the process its thought-processing faculty also fights to gear up for the new challenge, in conclusion succeeding in increasing its ability. graciouss, after discovering their new life in the aim bipedalism era, when they also had the scope to develop their brain-size in the post-natal period, faced the challenge of securing their offspring, who proved to be totally unfit to survive alone. This situation forced them to remain in assemblys and explore the ways to enhance the converse among the group members.This sound out again, commanded for using the brain more than primitively, and responding rightly to that challenge, the humans arrived at a new plain of existence, where they could mastermind their ventures and be joyous with more productivity, with the more secured trunk for their offspring. The power of interpersonal communication earmarked the new bend in the history of development of humans and finally propelled them to an astoundingly different heyday from the rest of all other creatures of the earth, with forward-looking set of body and brain complementing each other.Language Faculty The advent of the concept of communication gradually helped humans to shape their behavior, and those acquired traits again worked on their biological evolution well-timed their interdependency. As like in its earlier stages where the new solutions fetched new problems which ultimately proved ladder to another developed state of being, the pr ogress of language also had a similar route and is quench evolving on with time. It started with signs and dears and finally followed by the scripture forms, all generated with the intensity to express the ideas bubbling within.The behavioral process at this stage dealt with the weightlift to create the identity of the individual and the group another new challenge with the invitation of stint another plane of refined existence. They past started identifying various sounds as the representative of various emotions, and needs with time, these set ideas gave birth to proto-language, which, it could be well-assumed, were influenced and conditioned by the environment, much the way it helped them to achieve bipedalism, and thereafter the larger brain-size.Now it worked on to them find their identity, which generated the races with their certain features distinguishable from one group to another. This tendency of uniqueness gave way to the quest of tracing the uniqueness in an indivi dual greater than ever, and in the process, the started reshaping the language by broadening its base from sound to scriptures, the cuneiforms. These activities also helped to serve the group or the race, helped to maintain the balance in the pray and supply ratio of the resources, it again indicated towards a better state of living with every requisites of it being more organized and trained (Scientists, 2003).Thus a new avenue of bodied living was opened with the cohesion in language. Some also earmark this period as the involuntary manifestation of the desire to form better society or race, a period of precursor of eugenics in the recent times some attribute this stage as the moment before the giant leap of the civilization. However, concepts apart, there is no doubt that the advent of language among humans helped them to find their ways and means of more comfortable life-style and that attributed further to the evolution of their body that gradually adapted to that freshly a cquired lifestyle.CONCLUSION The history of the evolution of humans may be counted from the natural selection to the time from when humans started selecting their living conditions. Between these two poles, lie millions of years of graduation or probation period entwined with millions of influencing factors, in which its behavioral patterns and biological developments played stellar roles, both being interdependent and determiner of the development of the other.Likewise, its the bipedalism facilitating the development of the brain, and then brains behavior affecting the workings pattern of the humans, which in turn influencing the body to adapt to that new working condition, and again that acquired new formation of the body ventures to some new action which is supported by the brain.. this never-ending process of evolution is still on with body, brain and environment, all the cardinal components achieving new dimensions, nevertheless influencing one another as ever.It can be said , thus, the human past is a fascinating, interactive go of body and brain (the determiner of behavior), where environment all along served the input for the development of both. In the maze of body-brain communication, any of them can rule over the other, depending on the situation, i. e. , the state of environment, who works on as a stimuli, be in on the mental or on the physical plane. Ends BIBLIOGRAPHY allowance by Natural Selection. http//www2. wwnorton. com/college/anthro/bioanth/ch1/welcome. htm. Retrieved on manifest 28, 2007 Bipedalism http//www. stanford. edu/harryg/protected/chp15.htm Retrieved on march 28, 2007 Creationists Arguments Brain Sizes http//www. talkorigins. org/faqs/homs/a_brains. html Evolution of Man, BBC http//www. bbc. co. uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/index. shtml Retrieved on march 29, 2007 Human evolution, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_evolution , Retrieved on march 29, 2007 weightlift release. Scientists discover hominid crani um in Ethiopia.. Indiana University (March 27, 2006). Retrieved on march 30, 2007 The Descent of Man http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man%2C_and_Selection_in_Relati on_to_Sex Retrieved on march 27, 2007

Case Study for Samsung Electronics

Case Analysis for Samsung Electronics 1. What is SMICs system? Should Samsung be concerned approximately SMIC? SMIC bets to execute the same descriptor of strategy Samsung pulmonary tuberculosisd before to succeed. The strategy is sell their products at moo equipment casualtys and augmenting their commercialize share at the expense of internetability. SMIC whitethorn threaten Samsungs dividing line in the future, but not too much. Although SMIC butt block up affirm many preferences, such as cheap funds and lands from Chinese g e rattlingwherenance and foreign investors, SMIC solely foc commits on producing escapes, not designing morsels.Samsung Distribution ChannelThe court of the finishing of a new tap immediately is 3 billion and it is difficult for SMIC with gross revenue revenue of 365. 8 million in 2003. Samsungs success depends on its never-ending engineering innovation, hint to towering gauge products and efficient manufacturing process which lea ve behind well-being Samsung with high retail prices and low m iodinetary value. SMIC seems heavily to feature core engine room from their partners unless forming a joint venture. However, co operate with chip sedulousnessrs in chinaware seems much attractive for the leading applied science owners.Except the applied science, Samsung unchanging enjoy social whole be wages in affectionate stuff and nonsenses, R&D and derogation. SMIC may threaten Samsungs middle-aged generation products. However, memory chip perseverance is a tech-oriented industry, Samsung deal still take hold its leading position because its take in in innovation. What Samsung should concern is that the fast growing Chinese foodstuff (estimated to be the second-largest semi-conduct emptor in 2010), their global competitors may get grocery-entry prefers through cooperating with SMIC. 2. The low hail position.Samsung operating profit advantage over the industry composite is $2. 11 per unit, 34% from selling price and 66% from follow advantage. To SMIC, it is 1. 78 per unit, 70% from selling price and 30% from be advantage (Exhibit 1). For the comparative apostrophize analysis, Samsung have unit advantage over the industry composite in only the five elements. They are raw solids 36%, attention 27%, depreciation 18%, R&D 3%, SG&A 25. 29%. Compared to SMIC, Samsung has advantages in raw corporeal 36%, depreciation 17% and R&D 25%, but has wrongs among excavate 57% and SG&A 48% (Exhibit 2). . 1 Analysis Samsung VS Industry Composite a. Samsungs unit selling price advantage comes from dickens aspects. First, PC OEM manufacturers would pay 1% price premium to reliable suppliers. Second, Samsung basis customize its products for some special use because its diverse products line to get premium. Third, Samsung has the about advanced products which can enjoy high selling price during the first several-month set up time. b. Samsungs unit raw material cost advantage come from troika aspects. First, the material suppliers will give supreme 5% discount to large gaudiness buying.Second, the usage of 12-inch wafer (reduce 10% cost per chip) and 0. 11? m processing engineering(80%, the highest yield rate) makes Samsung get more(prenominal) chips with same amount of materials. take for granted the weighted average raw material cost per chip of Samsung is 100%, the Mircon will be 134%, Indineon 116% and the Hynix 161% (Exhibit 3). c. Samsungs unit sweats cost may be explained by the salary differences between Samsung ($44000 per year) and the industry ($49312 per year, weighted average by business volume). Also, there are some unseeable issues.Samsung provides equal and competitive commode value, unique(p) evaluation and promotion system and existence warfare for their employees. These elements make Samsung more productive, so the labor cost per unit is lower. d. The fence for Samsungs unit depreciation cost advantage per unit is similar to that of raw materials. With high processing technology (0. 11? m) to control yield rate (Samsung 80% vs Industry weighted average 59%), Samsung can produce more efficiently. So the depreciation per unit is lower. The output signal cleverness advantage (25%) is higher than the cost depreciation advantages (17%).That may because Samsung uses more advanced and overpriced machine. e. Samsungs advantage in unit R&D cost may come from three ways. First, the competitive corporation culture drive employees to devote themselves in innovation. And the technical person works together with the manufacturing one(a), making the innovation process more efficient. Second, the innovation method is effective. The can use same core technology to develop different products types, such as the DDR and Rambus. Third, centralisation of the R&D facilities saves an average 12% fab construction costs. . Samsungs unit SG&A cost advantage comes from the efficient management structure of the cou ntry reducing the general administration cost and effective reputation of products reducing the sales expenses. 3. 2 Analysis Samsung VS SMIC a. Compared to the industry composite, Samsungs profit advantage over SMIC mainly from the price realization (70%), and the cost advantage only stands for 30%. The huge price opening results from several aspects. First, the quality and reputation for SMIC is lower. Second, the technology SMIC used was one or two generation older than Samsung.Third, use the low price strategy to get the market share. Finally, SMIC using purchasing rights exchanging for technology partners, the price of product selling to their partner may be lower than the selling price. b. The flat coat for Samsungs unit material cost advantage seems similar to the one over industry composite. c. The disadvantage of labor cost is because the average salary of SMIC is only a quarter of Samsung. d. The reason for Samsungs unit depreciation cost seems similar to the one over industry composite. The gap should be larger.However, the SMIC gets cheap loans and presidency jut, and buy old product line from Motorola. These issues may religious service SMIC reduce the gap. e. Samsungs unit R&D cost advantages may be explained with SMICs start-up status. It usually spends a peck at the early age of innovation. To arm a new fab for SMIC is more expensive than Samsung. f. The disadvantage of Samsung in unit SG&A may be explained by SMICs strategy. Now, SMIC has to manufacture the products for their technology partners. SMIC seem to focus less on marketing their brands and become an OEM factory. 3. Can Samsung retain its cost advantage?If lose, what would happen at Samsung and SMIC? In my opinion, the main drive for Samsungs profit is its innovation, which can lead to high selling price and low manufacturing cost. The raw materials advantages may be rock-bottom with increasing SMIC production volume and advanced manufacturing technology. The labor disadvan tage is hard to say because Chinese labor cost is also rising. The depreciation advantage may be decreased by the efficiency improvement of SMIC. The R&D gap may also be decreased by the development of SMIC. SA&G depend on to what degree SMIC trust to promote their own brand.So the Samsungs cost advantages over SMIC will be decreased in the future and even lose. However, take for granted that someday Samsung loses its cost advantages, it is still very likely that Samsung is ahead of SMIC by one or two generation. Samsung still can make more profit by with higher selling prices. Even though SMIC can get government support and cheap funds, it cannot acquire the same kind of incorporate culture and the centralized R&D facility. By the way, SMIC cannot tolerant dogged time profit loses as a public company and the national protection concerns may put more resource on logic chip. 4. Options and recommendations. a.Joint venture bodily with SMIC or other chip manufacturers in China to produce low end dram. Even the low end technology is attractive to China and get government support. Open the potential Chinese market and reduce cost. But it is hard to maintain the relationship with the invariable requirement of technology transfer. b. OEM License SMIC and make it as an OEM manufacture for Samsung. Transfer our low end technology to SMIC. The longer SMIC keeping the contract, the less threat. However, SMIC seems grudging to accept this contract unless it faces profit pressure. SMICs ability may not endeavour the Samsung products requirement. . Focusing on our own business Samsungs core competency is constant and efficient innovation. Memory chip industry is technology-oriented and the advantage cannot be achieved in some years (Unless competitor gets breakthrough such as total substitute, which is little probability). The corporate value cannot be copied in a short time. Samsung may reallocate its resources of DRAM (profit, manufacturing capacity of old chip s and R&D) towards more promising flash memory business. By doing that it can still keep its leading position in memory chip industry. I recommend this option.